In silico profiling of commonly used insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides in Asia: a comparative chemical and...

Pesticides are essential in modern Bangladeshi agriculture and public health, contributing to effective crop protection, disease management, and food safety maintenance. A widespread use of pesticides has raised health and environmental concerns, as highlighted by the World Health Organization (WHO). This study focused on six widely used pesticides in Bangladesh Acephate (ACE), Ametryn (AME), Carbaryl (CYL), Carbendazim (CZM), Dichloran (DLN) and Glyphosate (GLY) are selected for their extreme use and associated adverse health effects, including neurological and developmental toxicity, anorexia, respiratory paralysis, cancer, reproductive impairments, immunotoxicity, endocrine disruption and even mortality. Using computational approaches, we analyzed their physicochemical, spectral, biological, and toxicological properties. Quantum chemical analysis was conducted to evaluate changes in HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, electrostatic potential, enthalpy, and dipole moments, while molecular docking and nonbonding interactions revealed binding affinities against cancer-causing and human estrogen-related receptor proteins (PDB IDs: 2E2R and 4MNF). The 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that the compounds possess improved stability and flexible structural behavior. Overall, this study provides preliminary molecular insights into the toxicological hazards of commonly used pesticides in Bangladesh, highlighting their potential impacts on human health and the environment and reinforcing the need for public awareness and further experimental validation.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-026-00566-y.