Pathological mechanisms and clinical research progress of endothelial dysfunction

Area of Science:

• Cardiovascular Research
• Endothelial Biology
• Metabolic Disorders

Background:

• Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is increasingly recognized as a central pathological mechanism in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
• Recent research highlights its significant role, necessitating a comprehensive understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a detailed overview of endothelial dysfunction, including its definition, molecular mechanisms, and associated conditions.
• To explore current and emerging therapeutic strategies for managing ED.
• To offer practical guidelines for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of fundamental and clinical research on endothelial dysfunction.
• Analysis of molecular mechanisms, clinical associations, biomarkers, and therapeutic interventions.
• Integration of recent scientific discoveries and clinical findings.

Main Results:

• ED involves mechanisms such as reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition.
• ED is linked to diabetes, atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular disorders, and obstructive sleep apnea.
• Various biomarkers and therapeutic strategies, including small molecules, stem cells, and gene therapy, are discussed.

Conclusions:

• A thorough understanding of ED's mechanisms and clinical implications is crucial for effective management.
• This review establishes a framework for diagnosing, preventing, and treating ED.
• Integrating research findings provides practical guidelines for healthcare professionals.