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Related Concept Videos

Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods01:21

Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods

374
Determining the optimal dose size and dosing frequency in pharmacotherapy is crucial for achieving therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This article explores the methodologies employed in determining these parameters, focusing on their significance and interplay to tailor dosing regimens.Dose Size: Dose size refers to the amount of a drug administered in a single dose. It is determined based on the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties and...
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Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses01:25

Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses

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A loading dose is an essential pharmacological strategy to rapidly achieve the target plasma drug concentration necessary for an immediate therapeutic effect. This approach is especially critical for drugs characterized by slow absorption or extended half-lives, where delaying therapeutic plasma levels could compromise treatment outcomes. By administering a loading dose, clinicians ensure a prompt onset of drug action, even for agents with complex pharmacokinetic profiles.Achieving steady-state...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition
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Full-Scale UV-LED Validation with Organism-Specific Dose Determination.

Hannah Ray1, Ariel J Atkinson1

  • 1Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, 1229 Burkholder Blvd, Henderson, Nevada 89015, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|February 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study validated a UV-LED reactor for drinking water disinfection, successfully demonstrating effective Legionella pneumophila control. The validated approach ensures reliable disinfection performance, paving the way for wider adoption of UV-LED technology in water treatment.

Keywords:
UV-LEDbiodosimetryreactor validationsurrogates

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Microbiology
  • Water Treatment Technologies

Background:

  • Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode (UV-LED) technology offers a promising alternative for drinking water disinfection.
  • A lack of validated UV-LED reactors and protocols has hindered widespread application.
  • Legionella pneumophila is a significant waterborne pathogen requiring effective disinfection strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate the first full-scale UV-LED reactor in the Americas for Legionella pneumophila disinfection.
  • To develop and validate a Reduction Equivalent Dose (RED) monitoring equation tailored for L. pneumophila.
  • To assess the performance of the UV-LED reactor under various operational conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Installation and testing of a full-scale UV-LED280 reactor at a municipal well.
  • Design and execution of bench- and full-scale validation tests using MS2 and T1UV surrogates, following USEPA guidance.
  • Variation of operational parameters including flow rate, UV Transmittance (UVT280), and power levels to evaluate reactor performance.

Main Results:

  • The Calculated Dose Approach successfully generated L. pneumophila-specific UV intensity setpoints.
  • A validated RED monitoring equation incorporating an L. pneumophila UV sensitivity factor was developed, reducing RED over/underestimation.
  • Validated L. pneumophila REDs ranged from 3.7-47 mJ/cm², consistently exceeding treatment requirements even under extreme conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully demonstrates a UV-LED280 reactor and a robust validation approach for L. pneumophila disinfection.
  • The developed RED monitoring equation provides accurate and reliable disinfection performance assessment.
  • Specific guidance for UV-LED technology would further support its implementation and regulatory acceptance in water utilities.