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Innate immune signalling in the adipocyte.

Phillip A Dumesic1

  • 1Diabetes Center, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Journal of Biochemistry
|February 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adipocytes, or fat cells, possess innate immune receptors that sense danger signals. These receptors impact inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and metabolism, potentially linking obesity to metabolic diseases.

Keywords:
Toll-like receptorsadipocytecGAS-STINGinnate immunityobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolic Disease
  • Adipocyte Biology

Background:

  • Innate immune receptors are crucial for detecting pathogens and cellular damage, initiating inflammatory responses.
  • While traditionally studied in immune cells, these receptors are now recognized in adipocytes, influencing various cellular functions.
  • Obesity is linked to chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction, with adipocytes playing a central role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role and mechanisms of innate immune receptors in adipocytes.
  • To understand how these receptors influence adipocyte function, including inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and metabolism.
  • To investigate the connection between obesity-associated signals, adipocyte innate immunity, and metabolic disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on innate immune receptors in adipocytes.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways controlled by Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, inflammasomes, and nucleic acid sensors in fat cells.
  • Examination of stimuli activating these receptors, including metabolic stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Adipocytes express a wide array of innate immune receptors, including Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, inflammasomes, and nucleic acid sensors (e.g., cGAS-STING, RIG-I).
  • These receptors modulate adipocyte-secreted factors, influencing local adipose tissue inflammation.
  • Innate immune receptors in adipocytes also affect insulin sensitivity, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and thermogenesis through incompletely understood mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Innate immune receptors in adipocytes are activated by diverse stimuli, including metabolic stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • These receptors represent a critical link through which obesity-associated signals can promote adipose tissue inflammation and dysfunction.
  • Dysregulation of adipocyte innate immunity may contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases associated with obesity.