Effects of Knee Sleeve Density on Theoretical Neuromuscular Capacities Derived from the Force-Velocity-Power Profile...

Background: Neoprene knee sleeves are commonly used to enhance joint stability and mechanical performance during resistance training. However, the specific influence of sleeve density on the force-velocity-power (F-V-P) profile during multi-joint lower-body exercises such as the back squat remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the theoretical F-V-P parameters derived from back squat performance while wearing low-density (LD) versus high-density (HD) knee sleeves. Methods: Fifteen resistance-trained males completed an incremental back squat test under both LD and HD conditions. A linear position transducer recorded barbell displacement and velocity. Individual force-velocity relationships were modelled to determine maximal theoretical force (F₀), velocity (V₀), power (Pmax), and the F-V slope. Paired-sample t-tests, linear mixed models, and Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated. Clinical relevance was assessed using a threshold defined as 0.2 × the standard deviation of the HD condition. Bayesian analyses were conducted to estimate the probability and magnitude of the observed effects. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between sleeve conditions for F₀, V₀, Pmax, or F-V slope (p > 0.05, d ≤ 0.37). Nonetheless, HD sleeves yielded slightly higher mean values for F₀, V₀, and Pmax, exceeding the predefined threshold for practical relevance. Bayesian models showed moderate probabilities (~0.80) that HD sleeves outperformed LD, though with limited chances of crossing the clinical significance threshold. Conclusions: Although HD sleeves do not produce systematic changes in F-V-P parameters, their increased material stiffness may provide small yet practically meaningful mechanical advantages in high-force resistance training contexts.