Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

Ratio Level of Measurement

Ratio Level of Measurement

The way a set of data is measured is called its level of measurement. Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of measurement. For analysis, data are classified into four levels of measurement—nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
A set of data measured using the ratio scale takes care of the ratio problem and provides complete information. Ratio scale data are like interval scale data, except they have a zero point and ratios can be calculated. For...

Base Quantities and Derived Quantities

Base Quantities and Derived Quantities

In any system of units, the units for some physical quantities must be specified through a measurement process. These measurements are the base quantities of the system, and their units are the base units of the system. The algebraic combinations of the base values can then be used to express all other physical quantities. Each of these physical quantities is then referred to as a derived quantity, with each unit being referred to as a derived unit.
The International Organization for...

5-Number Summary

5-Number Summary

In a dataset, the 5-number summary includes the minimum data value, the data value of the first quartile, the median data value or data value of the second quartile, the data value of the third quartile, and the maximum data value. These 5 data values can be visualized as a box and whisker plot.
In a box plot, the minimum and maximum data values represent the lower and upper whiskers in the graph, and the median is designated as the center of the box in the chart. The first quartile and third...

Downsampling

Downsampling

When considering a sampled sequence with zero values between sampling instants, one can replace it by taking every N-th value of the sequence. At these integer multiples of N, the original and sampled sequences coincide. This process, known as decimation, involves extracting every N-th sample from a sequence, thereby creating a more efficient sequence.
The Fourier transform of the decimated sequence reveals a combination of scaled and shifted versions of the original spectrum. This...

Indeterminate Products

Indeterminate Products

Indeterminate forms also arise in the evaluation of limits involving products, particularly when one factor approaches zero while the other tends to positive or negative infinity. This situation, commonly described as a zero-times-infinity form, does not have an immediately interpretable outcome. Depending on how the factors behave relative to one another, the limit of such a product may be zero, infinite, or a finite nonzero value.Product Limits and Algebraic RewritingTo analyze limits of this...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Evaluation of Pulmonary Artery Flow Reserve in Patients With Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: A Pilot Study.

Journal of the American Heart Association·2026

Same author

A case report of a rare and distinctive pacing pattern during left bundle branch pacing in a child with third-degree atrioventricular block following ventricular septal defect repair.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2026

Same author

Plasma proteomics reveal SERPINA1 and CD59 as candidate biomarkers for COVID-19 severity stratification and prognosis prediction.

Annals of medicine·2026

Same author

Transcriptomic analysis identifies novel ferroptosis-related biomarkers and therapeutic targets in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Journal of hypertension·2026

Same author

Multi-omics analysis identifies CKLF as a promoter for HCC progression by regulating the AKT, ERK pathways, and infiltrating immune cells.

Translational oncology·2026

Same author

Self-Powered Microneedle Patch with Dual-Drug-Responsive Delivery for Monitoring and Promoting Scarless Healing of Infected Diabetic Wounds.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Published on: October 9, 2012

Quantum Dot Digital Immunoassays on a Recyclable High-Refractive-Index Bead Array Imaged with a

Xiaoxiao Yang¹, Shuangshuang Ma¹, Xiaoyan Pan²

¹School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.

Analytical Chemistry

|February 20, 2026

Summary

A novel high-refractive-index bead array (h-RIBA) substrate enables single-molecule imaging in digital immunoassays (DIAs) using standard air objectives. This cost-effective method simplifies high-throughput diagnostics and instrument miniaturization.

More Related Videos

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy FIONA

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy FIONA

Published on: September 26, 2014

Author Spotlight: High-Quality Quantum Dot Nanobeads for Sensitive Fluorescent Lateral Flow Immunoassays

Author Spotlight: High-Quality Quantum Dot Nanobeads for Sensitive Fluorescent Lateral Flow Immunoassays

Published on: June 28, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Published on: October 9, 2012

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy FIONA

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy FIONA

Published on: September 26, 2014

Author Spotlight: High-Quality Quantum Dot Nanobeads for Sensitive Fluorescent Lateral Flow Immunoassays

Author Spotlight: High-Quality Quantum Dot Nanobeads for Sensitive Fluorescent Lateral Flow Immunoassays

Published on: June 28, 2024

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Digital immunoassays (DIAs) traditionally require high-magnification oil objectives for imaging, hindering automation and miniaturization.
Existing methods limit throughput and increase instrument complexity and cost in DIAs.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a cost-effective substrate for DIAs that enables single-molecule imaging with standard air objectives.
To overcome limitations of current DIA imaging techniques for high-throughput applications.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a high-refractive-index bead array (h-RIBA) substrate using self-assembled barium titanate glass microspheres (BTGMs) embedded in a PDMS membrane.
Utilizing the h-RIBA substrate with a 20×/0.4 NA air objective for imaging individual quantum dots (QDs) at the single-molecule level.
Performing magnetic bead-based DIAs for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection.

Main Results:

The h-RIBA substrate facilitated clear single-molecule imaging with a low-NA air objective.
Successful detection of CEA with a linear range of 0-1.5 pM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 88 fM.
Clinical validation showed CEA measurements in plasma consistent with hospital values.

Conclusions:

The h-RIBA substrate offers a low-cost, user-friendly solution for DIA imaging, compatible with various nanoparticles and fluorophores.
This approach simplifies instrumentation and enables automated single-molecule fluorescence imaging.
The h-RIBA substrate accelerates the translation and commercialization of DIA technology for clinical diagnostics.