Stem Cells and Wildlife Conservation

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have been investigated and applied for species conservation for more than 50 years. These gamete- and embryo-based technologies require access to reproductively active males and females, which can be challenging in conservation breeding programs for threatened and endangered species. The advancements in stem cell technologies over the past 10 years, specifically the induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells and related stem cell-based "ex vivo genesis" systems, have been remarkable. Knowledge gained from laboratory animals and humans has laid the foundation for the application of stem cell technologies in wildlife species, which prompted an increase in living cell biobanks around the world, and a recent emergence of biotech companies promising technology-based solutions for the restoration of currently threatened and resurrection of extinct species. While studies have shown the potential for stem cells in the ART arsenal, there are significant challenges that must be overcome, beginning with the low efficiency and genetic instability that are hindering the transition from research to application. This review highlights the key stem cell technologies in reproductive medicine with a focus on applications for species conservation.