Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Redox-Active Doubly Boron-Doped Indenofluorenes: Isomer-Directed Access to Open- and Closed-Shell Electronic States Induces Strong Near-Infrared Activity.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same author

Reactions of diazoboranes with oxygen enables the synthesis and isolation of dioxaboriranes.

Nature chemistry·2026

Same author

Diboron- and digermanium-doped dihydrodibenzohexacenes: Ge-B exchange to access boron-doped extended acenes.

Chemical science·2026

Same author

Redox- and Protonation-Tunable Diboraheptacenes.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same author

Synthetic Applications of Carpino's Hydrazine.

Accounts of chemical research·2025

Same author

Unlocking red-to-near-infrared luminescence via ion-pair assembly in carbodicarbene borenium ions.

Nature chemistry·2025

Same journal

Linker Engineering toward NIR-II Metal-Organic Framework with Maximal Emission beyond 1000 nm for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Imaging.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same journal

Observing Kinetic Selectivity in Anthracene Photodimerization through Selective Quenching by Excited States of Proximate Rare Earth Cations.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same journal

Sequence-Dependent Folding of Recognition-Encoded Melamine Oligomers.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same journal

Large Thermo- and Mechanosalient Actuation via Cooperative Twist Elasticity-Induced Packing Motif Conversion.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same journal

Discovery and Biosynthesis of Lanthipeptides Featuring an Azepinoindole Scaffold by Radical <i>S</i>-Adenosylmethionine Enzyme-Catalyzed C-C Bond Formation.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same journal

Enantiopurity-Controlled Magnetism in a Two-Dimensional Organic-Inorganic Material.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Published on: January 6, 2016

Borenium Ions as Functional Materials.

Nathan C Frey¹, Robert J Gilliard¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 18-596, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|February 20, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored borenium ions, which are boron cations, for their potential in luminescent materials. Key design principles were identified to enhance their stability and optical properties for advanced applications.

More Related Videos

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Published on: June 27, 2022

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Published on: March 27, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Published on: January 6, 2016

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Published on: June 27, 2022

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Published on: March 27, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Inorganic Chemistry
Organic Electronics

Background:

Borenium ions ([LBR2]+) are reactive Lewis acidic boron cations.
Their reactivity historically limited studies on their optoelectronic properties.
There's a need to understand stability factors and optical transitions for functional materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To review design principles for tailoring cyclic borenium ions.
To focus on their application as functional luminescent materials.
To highlight recent advancements and future research directions.

Main Methods:

Literature review of design concepts for borenium ions.
Analysis of factors influencing stability and luminescence.
Examination of specific optical phenomena observed in borenium systems.

Main Results:

Identified key design principles: ligand identity, ring size, heteroatom incorporation, and counteranion selection.
Demonstrated isolation and discovery of emissive and stimuli-responsive boron cations.
Observed phenomena like TICT, AIE, exciton coupling, and thermochromism.

Conclusions:

Cyclic borenium ions can be designed as tunable, low-energy LUMO materials.
Design strategies enable control over stability and optical characteristics.
These findings provide a roadmap for main-group element materials chemistry.