A comprehensive review on wine authentication and traceability: Current issues, solutions and future perspectives

Wine, as a commercially significant and globally consumed beverage, faces persistent challenges regarding authenticity verification and origin traceability, which threaten both consumer interests and market fairness. This paper comprehensively summarizes prevalent types of wine fraud issues and reviews modern analytical techniques including spectroscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry, and emerging intelligent sensing techniques alongside advanced machine learning approaches for enhancing authentication and traceability of wine. The study highlights recent applications of these methods in verifying wine authenticity and geographical origins, emphasizing their evolving integration. Despite considerable progress, future development should focus on rapid detection, integrating deep learning with traditional analytical techniques, building wine fingerprint database, and leveraging blockchain for supply chain transparency. These measures are crucial to ensure the authenticity and geographical origins of wine, thereby safeguarding the interests of all stakeholders, including consumers and producers.