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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
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Psychiatric morbidity in bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex: A systematic review with a population-based

Essi Kymäläinen1, Niklas Pakkasjärvi2, Bernd Pape3

  • 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.

Journal of Pediatric Urology
|February 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Patients with bladder exstrophy and epispadias complex have a significantly higher risk of psychiatric morbidity. Early mental health assessment and support are crucial for this population.

Keywords:
Bladder exstrophy and epispadias complexCloacal exstrophyMental disorderMental healthSystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Psychiatry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Bladder exstrophy and epispadias complex (BEEC) is a rare congenital anomaly with profound medical and psychosocial impacts.
  • Evaluating psychiatric morbidity in BEEC patients is essential due to its significant implications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence and identify risk factors for psychiatric morbidity in individuals with bladder exstrophy and epispadias complex.
  • To assess the mental health burden associated with BEEC across different age groups.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review adhering to PRISMA guidelines was conducted, including studies on psychiatric disorders and quality of life in BEEC patients.
  • Article quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and prevalence data were extracted.
  • A retrospective national registry study in Finland identified BEEC patients (born 2001-2006) and compared them to a matched control group for psychiatric diagnoses.

Main Results:

  • The systematic review included 30 studies with 1179 participants, revealing an overall psychiatric morbidity prevalence of 31% (95% CI 17%-47%).
  • Psychiatric morbidity was highest in adolescents and comparable to the general population in adults.
  • In the Finnish cohort, 80% of BEEC patients received a psychiatric diagnosis versus 26% of controls (OR 11.2, p < 0.001), with no significant association found for anomaly severity, surgeries, or maternal factors.

Conclusions:

  • Bladder exstrophy and epispadias complex is linked to a substantially increased risk of psychiatric morbidity.
  • The findings underscore the necessity of systematic mental health evaluations and integrated support systems for individuals with BEEC.