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Updated: Feb 22, 2026
Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
Published on: July 19, 2019
Enhancing the interpretability of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis by reducing interindividual variability
Daan J de Jong1, Tom A Fuchs2, Mar Barrantes-Cepas3
1MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MS Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Background:
Mean upper cervical cord area (MUCCA) is clinically relevant for measuring spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS), but anatomical variation may confound measurements. Interpretability of MUCCA may be improved by ensuring measurements reflect MS pathology rather than anatomical variability. To achieve this, several strategies are employed, but it is unclear which performs best. This study evaluated height, estimated total intracranial volume (eTIV), and cervical spinal canal area (SCaA) for MUCCA-normalisation.
Methods:
272 persons with MS (pwMS; age 48.47±11.00y, 70.2% female) and 69 healthy controls (HC; age 46.42±9.14y, 59.4% female) were included. eTIV, and MUCCA and SCaA at C2/C3 were determined on 3D-T1w brain MRI. Factors were associated to MUCCA and remaining anatomical dependency was determined using linear regression. Sensitivity analyses were performed. Findings were validated in pwMS.
Results:
eTIV and SCaA were similar between HC and PwMS (p>0.05). MUCCA (PwMS: 62.12±10.40 mm2, HC: 68.00±9.89mm2, p<0.001) and height (PwMS: 173.35±9.20 cm, HC: 177.22±10.47cm, p=0.022) were lower in pwMS. In HCs, eTIV (std.β=0.326), height (std.β=0.312) and SCaA (std.β=0.322) were similarly related to MUCCA and resulted in similar reduction of variance due to anatomical dependency (R2=25%->10%) but multivariable normalisation (eTIV+SCaA) performed best (R2=0%). All factors were similarly robust in HC. In MS, SCaA was susceptible to disease-related variability and normalisation altered clinical relations. Only height was applicable for proportional normalisation.
Conclusion:
eTIV, height and SCaA were valid normalisation factors of MUCCA. Multivariable normalisation (eTIV+SCaA) performed reduced anatomical dependency best but masked clinical-anatomical relations. Proportional normalisation using height allows for individual clinical assessment of spinal cord atrophy.
