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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function

Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function

Published on: November 29, 2024

Goal-directed learning in cortical organoids.

Ash Robbins¹, Hunter E Schweiger², Sebastian Hernandez¹

¹Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

|February 20, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Brain organoids demonstrate goal-directed learning via feedback-driven neural plasticity. Reinforcement learning improved performance, but plasticity required intact glutamatergic transmission, suggesting potential for neural rehabilitation.

Keywords:

CP: neuroscience CP: stem cell research artificial intelligence biocomputing causal connectivity closed-loop control cortical organoid electrical stimulation electrophysiology in vitro organoid intelligence reinforcement learning

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Published on: January 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Stem Cell Biology
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

Advancements in electrophysiology enable single-cell resolution recording and stimulation.
Cortical organoids are promising in vitro models for studying brain development and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate goal-directed learning in brain organoids using feedback-driven neural plasticity.
To investigate the role of reinforcement learning and glutamatergic transmission in this process.

Main Methods:

Developed a closed-loop electrophysiology framework to integrate mouse cortical organoids into a "cartpole" task.
Applied high-frequency training signals selected by artificial reinforcement learning.
Utilized pharmacological blockade of AMPA and NMDA receptors to assess glutamatergic transmission.

Main Results:

Organoids trained with reinforcement learning showed improved performance compared to random or no training.
Performance improvements were transient, disappearing after a 45-minute rest period.
Blockade of AMPA and NMDA receptors abolished training-induced performance gains, indicating dependence on glutamatergic transmission.

Conclusions:

Goal-directed learning can be achieved in brain organoids through feedback-driven plasticity.
This in vitro model system allows for systematic investigation of neural plasticity mechanisms.
Findings suggest potential applications in neural rehabilitation and biological computation.