Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...

Vaporization

Vaporization

The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Southern Blot

Southern Blot

Agarose gel electrophoresis is very useful in separating DNA fragments by size. Running a DNA ladder containing fragments of the known length alongside the sample helps determine the approximate length of the sample DNA fragments. However, additional steps are needed to verify the sequence identity of the sample DNA fragments.
Denatured DNA fragments must be transferred onto a carrier membrane from the gel to make it accessible to a probe - a small ssDNA fragment complementary to the target DNA...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of the B3 superfamily in response to abiotic stresses in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.).

BMC plant biology·2026

Same author

ROS-Responsive H<sub>2</sub>S Release Attenuates Renal Aging by Preserving Mitochondrial Function and Mitigating Oxidative Stress.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026

Same author

Goldilocks boronic esters: optimized properties through understanding hydrolysis kinetics.

Chemical science·2026

Same author

Adaptive Template Update and Re-Detection Network Based on Tracking Confidence.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Targeting neuronal HK2 alleviates glutamate neurotoxicity and MCAO-induced ischemic brain injury.

Experimental neurology·2026

Same author

Scalable mechanochemical synthesis of a cyclic dehydroalanine peptide.

Organic & biomolecular chemistry·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Making Conjugation-induced Fluorescent PEGylated Virus-like Particles by Dibromomaleimide-disulfide Chemistry

Making Conjugation-induced Fluorescent PEGylated Virus-like Particles by Dibromomaleimide-disulfide Chemistry

Published on: May 27, 2018

It's a Gas: Bioconjugation With Vapor-Phase Reagents.

Yuxuan Ding¹, Jun Ohata², Zachary T Ball¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|February 21, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Vapor-phase reagents offer novel reactivity and selectivity for bioconjugation. These gas molecules present unique advantages for modifying peptides and proteins in complex environments.

Keywords:

bioconjugation biphasic gas‐phase reagents late‐stage diversification peptides

More Related Videos

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Published on: August 19, 2012

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates

Published on: March 6, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Making Conjugation-induced Fluorescent PEGylated Virus-like Particles by Dibromomaleimide-disulfide Chemistry

Making Conjugation-induced Fluorescent PEGylated Virus-like Particles by Dibromomaleimide-disulfide Chemistry

Published on: May 27, 2018

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Published on: August 19, 2012

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates

Published on: March 6, 2019

Area of Science:

Chemical Biology
Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

Bioconjugation is a critical field requiring diverse synthetic strategies.
Traditional bioconjugation methods face limitations in complex biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore vapor-phase reagents as an emerging class of bioconjugation tools.
To examine the reactivity and selectivity of gas molecules for peptide and protein modification.

Main Methods:

Conceptual review of vapor-phase reagent applications.
Analysis of gas-phase diffusion and penetration properties.
Discussion of selectivity in complex biological matrices.

Main Results:

Vapor-phase reagents introduce new concepts in reactivity and selectivity.
Gas molecules offer unique advantages in accessing porous materials and complex tissues.
Potential for enhanced diffusion and penetration in challenging reaction environments.

Conclusions:

Vapor-phase reagents represent a promising frontier in bioconjugation.
Their unique properties can overcome limitations of conventional methods.
Further research into gas-phase bioconjugation holds significant potential.