Bioelectronic interface for real-time brain biomarker analysis

The brain is a highly complex organ, exhibiting a highly dynamic chemical environment, playing crucial role in coordinating pathophysiological processes and neural communications, through regulated chemistry. Any fluctuation in the chemical milieu may pose adverse neuro physiological condition including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, depression, epilepsy, and neuroinflammation. Real-time, onsite monitoring of these rapid biochemical fluctuations is crucial, and achieved via advanced biosensing technologies. This review critically discusses the emergence of integrated biosensing technologies for brain biomarker mapping. In the introduction section, we have discussed the fundamentals of brain biochemistry and their role in neuropathological conditions. In the biosensor section, we have thoroughly discussed the importance of biomarkers and their importance in disease diagnosis, incorporating neurotransmitters and neuro-modulators, protein-based pathological biomarkers, and inflammatory and immune biomarkers. Besides this, we have discussed the major developments in biosensor design, signal transduction strategies, and system-level integration, emphasizing in vivo deployment and closed-loop operation. This manuscript presents a forward-looking author's perspective on the integration of artificial intelligence/ machine learning (AI/ML) for precision neuromonitoring and intelligent neurotherapeutics in a clear and concise manner. By bridging molecular neurochemistry with real-time digital health technologies, these systems hold the potential to redefine how we monitor, diagnose, and treat complex brain disorders.