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Multidimensional coevolution drives predator coexistence.

Akihiko Mougi1

  • 1Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan. amougi@gmail.com.

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|February 21, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multidimensional coevolution allows multiple predators to coexist on a single prey species by promoting trait partitioning and balancing competitive advantages. This eco-evolutionary model reveals new pathways to predator coexistence beyond classical ecological theory.

Keywords:
Eco-evolutionary dynamicsMathematical modelMultiple traitsPredator–prey coevolutionResource competition

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Area of Science:

  • Community Ecology
  • Evolutionary Ecology
  • Theoretical Ecology

Background:

  • Classical community ecology predicts competitive exclusion for predators sharing a single prey species.
  • Coexistence requires niche differentiation or stabilizing forces; rapid evolution can facilitate this.
  • Previous studies often overlooked reciprocal predator-prey coevolution, focusing on single-trait dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an eco-evolutionary model exploring how predator-prey systems coevolve across one or two traits.
  • To investigate the impact of multidimensional coevolution on predator coexistence.
  • To identify mechanisms promoting coexistence beyond classical theory.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a theoretical eco-evolutionary model.
  • Simulated coevolutionary dynamics for two predator species and one shared prey species.
  • Analyzed trait evolution in one- and two-trait scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Two-trait coevolution significantly expands the parameter space for predator coexistence compared to one-trait systems.
  • Multidimensional coevolution drives trait-space partitioning and asynchronous trait dynamics.
  • Coevolution balances long-term average resource requirements (R*), favoring subordinate species and promoting fluctuation-driven coexistence.

Conclusions:

  • Multidimensional coevolution is a key factor enabling predator coexistence on homogeneous prey.
  • Coexistence is fostered by both stabilizing and equalizing mechanisms arising from complex coevolutionary dynamics.
  • Highlights the need to integrate evolutionary complexity into coexistence theory and calls for empirical validation.