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Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

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Nonreciprocal Wave-Mediated Interactions Power a Classical Time Crystal.

Mia C Morrell¹, Leela Elliott¹, David G Grier¹

¹New York University, Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York, New York 10003, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|February 22, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Two acoustically trapped particles can harvest energy from sound waves, leading to self-sustained oscillations. Some systems exhibit emergent active states, forming classical time crystals by breaking symmetry.

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Area of Science:

Physics
Acoustic phenomena
Nonlinear dynamics

Background:

Acoustic standing waves create potential wells for trapping subwavelength particles.
Particle interactions mediated by scattered waves can be nonreciprocal if scattering properties differ.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate energy harvesting and emergent dynamics in acoustically trapped particle systems.
To explore the conditions under which these systems can form classical time crystals.

Main Methods:

Theoretical modeling of interacting acoustically levitated particles.
Experimental verification using a minimal two-particle system.

Main Results:

Identified four distinct dynamical states, including two emergently active steady states.
Demonstrated that nonreciprocal interactions enable energy harvesting from the acoustic field.
Observed spatiotemporal symmetry breaking in emergent active states, indicative of classical time crystals.

Conclusions:

Acoustically trapped particles can exhibit emergent active behavior and sustained oscillations.
Nonreciprocity in wave-mediated interactions is key to energy harvesting.
These systems provide a platform for studying classical time crystals.