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Area of Science:

  • * Condensed Matter Physics
  • * High Energy Physics
  • * Cosmology

Background:

  • * The Kibble-Zurek Mechanism (KZM) explains topological defect formation during continuous second-order phase transitions.
  • * The applicability of KZM to smooth crossovers, arising from approximate symmetries, is not well understood.
  • * Topological defects are crucial in understanding early universe cosmology and condensed matter systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the validity of the KZM in systems with approximate (pseudo-spontaneous) symmetry breaking.
  • * To analyze defect formation dynamics during slow quenches in such systems.
  • * To develop a generalized framework for defect formation beyond traditional KZM.

Main Methods:

  • * Analysis of a weakly coupled Ginzburg-Landau model.
  • * Investigation of a strongly coupled holographic setup.
  • * Both models feature pseudo-spontaneous breaking of a global U(1) symmetry.

Main Results:

  • * Breakdown of universal power-law scaling predicted by KZM in the slow quench regime.
  • * Defect density exhibits an exponential correction dependent on quench rate.
  • * This correction follows a universal form determined by the explicit symmetry breaking source.
  • * A generalized framework incorporating explicit symmetry breaking into the dynamical correlation length is validated.

Conclusions:

  • * Traditional KZM fails for approximate phase transitions.
  • * Explicit symmetry breaking introduces universal exponential corrections to defect density.
  • * A generalized framework accurately describes nonequilibrium defect formation across various quench rates.