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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.5K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
14.5K
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
9.1K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.9K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.9K
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation02:35

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation

11.6K
Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides, HX (X = Cl, Br or I) to alkenes forms alkyl halides as per Markovnikov's rule, where the hydrogen gets added to the less substituted carbon of the double bond. Hydrohalogenation of alkynes takes place in a similar manner, with the first addition of HX forming a vinyl halide and the second giving a geminal dihalide.
11.6K
Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones01:21

Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

5.0K
By replacing an α-hydrogen with a halogen, acid-catalyzed α-halogenation of aldehydes or ketones yields a monohalogenated product
In the first step of the mechanism, the acid protonates the carbonyl oxygen resulting in a resonance-stabilized cation, which subsequently loses an α-hydrogen to form an enol tautomer. The C=C bond in an enol is highly nucleophilic because of the electron-donating nature of the –OH group. Consequently, the double bond attacks an electrophilic halogen to form a...
5.0K
Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

12.6K
Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
12.6K

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Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor
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Industrial-scale Aldehydes Electrification Via Localized Hydrogen-affinity Engineering.

Lei Shi1, Yixin Su2, Ruyi Cheng3

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, P.R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new electrode for electrifying aldehydes into valuable chemicals. This Rh-decorated copper electrode achieves high efficiency and stability, offering a sustainable solution for chemical production and environmental remediation.

Keywords:
KDF productionaldehyde electrificationatomic decorationbipolar hydrogen productionhydrogen‐affinity regulation

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A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Electrifying aldehydes offers sustainable chemical synthesis but is hindered by inefficient electrodes.
  • Developing advanced electrocatalysts is crucial for practical applications in environmental remediation and resource recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize a highly efficient electrode for aldehyde electrification using a computation-guided strategy.
  • To investigate the performance and mechanism of the novel electrode for converting aldehydes into high-value chemicals.

Main Methods:

  • Computation-guided localized hydrogen-affinity engineering to synthesize heteroatom-decorated copper (Cu) catalysts.
  • Electrochemical characterization, including Faraday efficiency and overpotential measurements.
  • Operando studies and theoretical calculations to elucidate the reaction mechanism.
  • Techno-economic analysis for assessing commercial viability.

Main Results:

  • A Rh-decorated Cu hydrogenase (Rh1Cu-Hase) electrode achieved >99.3% Faraday efficiency for formaldehyde conversion at 500 mA cm−2 with a 283 mV overpotential.
  • The membrane-free electrolyzer with Rh1Cu-Hase demonstrated stable operation for >1200 h at 1000 mA cm−2, producing high-purity potassium diformate (KDF) and hydrogen.
  • Techno-economic analysis indicated a significant revenue advantage for KDF production compared to conventional methods.
  • The strategy proved effective for a wide range of industrially relevant aldehydes.

Conclusions:

  • Localized hydrogen-affinity engineering is a viable strategy for developing high-performance electrocatalysts.
  • The Rh1Cu-Hase electrode enables efficient and stable aldehyde electrification, offering a sustainable route for chemical production.
  • The paired dehydrogenation mechanism, involving Cu for adsorption and Rh for hydrogen activation, underlies the catalyst's high performance.