Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 18, 2026
A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible
Published on: January 28, 2020
Stereophotogrammetry as a Precise and Accurate Method for Facial Analysis in Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate
Lígia Gabrielle Sanches Mariotto1, Luciano Reis de Araújo Carvalho2, Caroline de Paula Oliveira Gringo3
1Private Practitioner, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Division, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
Background:
Stereophotogrammetry is a promising tool for orthognathic surgical planning. However, its application in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) still requires validation.
Purpose:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of portable stereophotogrammetry system (PSP) in facial analysis of patients with CLP.
Study Design, Setting, And Sample:
This is a cross-sectional study with patients with nonsyndromic CLP and skeletal Class III. Exclusion criteria included syndromic CLP, facial hair, mustaches, absence of the right upper central incisor, or use of facial prosthetics. The study was conducted at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Bauru, Brazil.
Predictor Variables:
The predictor variable was the facial measurement method, PSP, or digital caliper.
Outcome Variables:
The primary outcome was accuracy, assessed by comparing PSP measurements with those obtained by digital calipers and categorized as excellent (<1.0 mm), good (1.0 to 2.0 mm), moderate (2.0 to 3.0 mm), or unsatisfactory (>3.0 mm). The secondary outcome was precision, evaluated through mean absolute deviation (MAD) and mean relative error (MRE). MAD used the same thresholds as accuracy, while MRE was classified as excellent (<3%), good (3 to 5%), moderate (5 to 10%), or unsatisfactory (>10%).
Covariates:
The covariates included age, sex, and the type of cleft (complete unilateral or bilateral).
Analyses:
Statistical tests were applied based on data distribution (Shapiro-Wilk, Student's t test, and Mann-Whitney U test), with the significance level set at P < .05.
Results:
The sample comprised 11 subjects with a mean age of 23.0 years (±6.43); 6 (54.5%) were male. Regarding accuracy, 6 of 15 measurements were classified as excellent, 2 as good, and 3 as moderate. Four were unsatisfactory: Al-Al (6.04 mm), Sti-Me (5.81 mm), Me-C (9.03 mm), and UR1s (3.83 mm). Regarding precision, 13 (86.7%) measurements showed excellent MAD values, whereas MRE indicated excellent or good precision in 8 measurements (53.3%).
Conclusions And Relevance:
The results indicate that the PSP achieves acceptable levels of accuracy and precision for facial analysis in patients with CLP and can be integrated with other technologies for 3-dimensional planning.
More Related Videos
07:11Treatment of Facial Deformities using 3D Planning and Printing of Patient-Specific Implants
Published on: May 23, 2020
08:03Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
Published on: November 4, 2025
Related Concept Videos
01:10Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
01:05Cerebral Hemispheres
01:28Lateralization
01:27Language and Cognition
01:25Learning Disabilities
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...