Gas entrapping materials for damage control

Gasotransmitters, including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), are small endogenously produced signaling molecules that regulate critical intra- and intercellular processes. These gases modulate ion channel activity, gene expression, redox balance, and mitochondrial bioenergetics, while influencing cardiovascular, immune, and nervous system functions. Despite their toxicity at high concentrations, controlled exogenous administration of gasotransmitters has enormous therapeutic potential in conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, sepsis, trauma, and brain injury. A central challenge in translating these molecules into clinical use lies in achieving safe, targeted and tunable delivery. Traditional inhalation methods have evolved with advances in medicinal chemistry, and bioengineering, enabling formulations for oral, parenteral, and localized delivery that exploit the gases' ability to freely diffuse across membranes. This review summarizes current strategies for delivering NO, CO, and H₂S using hydrogels, foams, and solid formulations across skin and gut barrier sites. We discuss the mechanisms governing gasotransmitter activity, factors affecting tissue distribution and reactivity, and the potential clinical utility of these delivery approaches. By highlighting recent preclinical and clinical studies, we provide a framework for optimizing gasotransmitter administration, dosage, and specificity, emphasizing their translational relevance as therapeutic agents.