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Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
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The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
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Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments
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Circadian Dysfunction in Delirium: A Systematic Review.

J Reid Black1, Rachel E Landrum2, Emma O'Hagan3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL.

Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry
|February 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Delirium is linked to circadian dysfunction, but the connection is complex. Bright light therapy shows promise for prevention, while other interventions have inconsistent results, requiring more research.

Keywords:
circadian dysfunctioncircadian rhythmsconsultation-liaison psychiatrydeliriumsleep-wake cyclesystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Delirium is a common neuropsychiatric syndrome with significant morbidity.
  • Circadian disruption is increasingly recognized as a core feature of delirium.
  • The precise relationship between circadian dysfunction and delirium is underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the relationship between circadian dysfunction and delirium.
  • To identify metrics of circadian disturbances in delirium.
  • To evaluate interventions and environmental variables influencing delirium course.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searched PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science through October 2024.
  • Included English-language human studies; synthesized qualitative data.

Main Results:

  • 58 of 1908 articles met inclusion criteria.
  • Actigraphy, polysomnography, and EEG detected sleep/circadian differences in delirium.
  • Bright light therapy shows promise for delirium prevention; melatonergic agents were inconsistent.

Conclusions:

  • The association between delirium and circadian dysfunction is complex and not fully understood.
  • Physiologic biomarkers like melatonin and cortisol showed inconsistent links to delirium.
  • Larger, rigorous studies with multimodal measures are needed to guide strategies.