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Brain stimulation prevents neural downregulation and optimizes learning.

F Contò1, G Ellena2, G Edwards3

  • 1Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems@UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto TN, Italy; Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Piazzale S. Agostino, 2, 24129, Bergamo (BG), Italy.

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|February 22, 2026
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Summary

Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) over the intraparietal sulcus sustains neural activity during attentional training. This non-invasive brain stimulation enhances learning and cognitive performance by preventing neural adaptation.

Keywords:
AttentionAttention NetworkPerceptual LearningtEStRNS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Non-invasive brain stimulation, like tRNS, can enhance cortical excitability and learning.
  • Neural mechanisms of tRNS-induced learning facilitation are not fully understood.
  • Attentional training can lead to neural activity decline, hindering learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how tRNS over the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) modulates neural plasticity during attentional training.
  • Determine if tRNS can prevent neural activity decline and enhance learning.
  • Examine the effects of tRNS on the attention network using fMRI.

Main Methods:

  • Multi-session tRNS-fMRI paradigm with 37 participants (18-35 years old).
  • Comparison between active tRNS over bilateral IPS and sham stimulation during a visuospatial cognitive task.
  • Analysis of task-evoked BOLD activity within the attention network and correlation with behavioral performance.

Main Results:

  • Sham stimulation showed a decline in task-evoked BOLD activity and no behavioral improvement.
  • Active tRNS prevented the decline in BOLD activity, sustaining neural responses, particularly in the IPS and frontal eye field (FEF).
  • Sustained BOLD activity in the tRNS condition correlated with improved task performance.

Conclusions:

  • tRNS over the parietal cortex mitigates early neural downregulation during short cognitive training protocols.
  • Sustained neural excitability via tRNS preserves functional response dynamics and optimizes attentional learning.
  • tRNS is a promising tool for enhancing cognitive performance and modulating neuroplasticity in various populations.