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Cellular Senescence in Human Periodontal Tissue: A Narrative Review.

Akira Hasuike1,2, Kazuhide Takada3, Chika Takano3

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Cellular senescence accumulates in gingival tissues with age and in periodontitis lesions. Periodontal ligament tissues show distinct senescence patterns, influencing periodontal health and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Cell Biology
  • Periodontology

Background:

  • Cellular senescence, a state of irreversible growth arrest, plays roles in aging and disease.
  • Periodontal tissues, including gingiva and periodontal ligament (PDL), are susceptible to age-related changes and inflammatory conditions like periodontitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cellular senescence in human gingival and PDL tissues.
  • To determine if senescence increases with chronological aging.
  • To assess if periodontitis lesions show signs of inflammation-accelerated senescence.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of PubMed and bioRxiv databases.
  • Inclusion of 13 studies examining senescence markers in gingival and PDL tissues.
  • Analysis of senescence in relation to aging and periodontitis.

Main Results:

  • Gingival fibroblasts show increasing senescence with age.
  • PDL fibroblasts have high baseline senescence irrespective of age; PDL stem cells show age-related decline in regenerative capacity.
  • Periodontitis tissues exhibit elevated senescence markers (p16, SA-β-gal, SASP factors) compared to healthy tissues, even in younger individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular senescence is a significant feature of periodontal tissues with cell-type-specific characteristics.
  • Both aging and inflammation contribute to senescent cell accumulation in periodontal tissues.
  • Senescent cells may impact periodontal health and the progression of periodontal diseases.