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Developmental stuttering with common and complex phenotypes
Sarah E Horton1,2, Daisy A Shepherd1,3, Stephanie Siemers1
1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
|February 23, 2026
Summary
Most people who stutter have a common phenotype, but 10% have a complex one with more severe symptoms and co-occurring conditions. Both types benefit from multidisciplinary support.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Genetics
- Speech-Language Pathology
Background:
- Developmental stuttering is a complex speech disorder.
- Understanding the phenotypic spectrum is crucial for targeted interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To delineate the phenotypic characteristics of developmental stuttering.
- To identify distinct subgroups within the stuttering population.
Main Methods:
- Latent class analysis of survey data from 327 adults with current or resolved stuttering.
- Assessment of stuttering history, family history, co-occurring health conditions, and non-verbal intelligence.
Main Results:
- Two phenotypes were identified: a common phenotype (90%) and a complex phenotype (10%).
- The complex phenotype group exhibited more severe stuttering, greater negative impact, higher rates of anxiety, lower non-verbal intelligence, and neurodevelopmental disorders.
- Common co-occurring conditions included sleep, hearing, vision, immune, and mental health issues.
Conclusions:
- Phenotypic analysis reveals a common and a complex form of developmental stuttering.
- Individuals with the complex phenotype require specialized, multidisciplinary support due to associated conditions.
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