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How Scientific Is Nursing? Answers From A New Characterization of Science.

Claus Beisbart¹, Maya Zumstein-Shaha², Paul Hoyningen-Huene³

¹Institute of Philosophy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Nursing Philosophy : an International Journal for Healthcare Professionals

|February 23, 2026

Summary

Nursing knowledge is scientific when it is systematic. Applying Hoyningen-Huene's theory shows current nursing knowledge is more systematic than before the Consensus Statement on Emerging Nursing Knowledge.

Keywords:

classifications consensus statement on emerging nursing knowledge demarcation problem nursing theories scientific knowledge systematicity

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Area of Science:

Philosophy of Science
Nursing Science
Knowledge Management

Background:

Traditional philosophical accounts of science (Popper, Kuhn) are ill-suited for nursing.
Previous applications of these accounts to nursing yielded questionable results.
A new philosophical framework is needed to assess nursing's scientific status.

Purpose of the Study:

To apply Hoyningen-Huene's systematicity-based account of science to nursing.
To evaluate the scientific status of nursing knowledge using this framework.
To compare current nursing knowledge with its state prior to the Consensus Statement on Emerging Nursing Knowledge.

Main Methods:

Utilized Hoyningen-Huene's theory of systematicity.
Analyzed dimensions of systematicity: description, explanation, prediction, and defense of knowledge claims.
Compared nursing knowledge before and after the Consensus Statement on Emerging Nursing Knowledge.

Main Results:

Current nursing knowledge demonstrates increased systematicity across multiple dimensions.
Systematicity in prediction improved via classification systems.
Systematicity in defending knowledge claims enhanced through measurement devices.
Nursing science is organized like other scientific disciplines, contributing to its scientific status.

Conclusions:

Nursing knowledge meets the criteria for scientific status based on Hoyningen-Huene's account.
The increased systematicity of knowledge-gaining practices in nursing supports its scientific standing.
Nursing's scientific status is bolstered by its structured disciplinary organization and improved knowledge practices.