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Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It consists of four main parts: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and divides into left and right hemispheres, separated by a deep fissure. The cerebral outer layer of grey matter — the cerebral cortex — comprises elevations called gyri and shallow groves called sulci. The inner portion of white matter includes long nerve fibers known as axons, which connect...

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

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Updated: Feb 24, 2026

High-resolution Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Subcortex In Vivo and Postmortem

High-resolution Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Subcortex In Vivo and Postmortem

Published on: December 30, 2015

A precise atlas of the human subcortex.

Helen Friedrich, Ilkem Aysu Sahin, Nanditha Rajamani

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|February 23, 2026

Summary

This study presents a high-resolution human brain atlas with detailed subcortical structures. This foundational resource enhances stereotactic surgery and subcortical neuroimaging research.

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Last Updated: Feb 24, 2026

High-resolution Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Subcortex In Vivo and Postmortem

High-resolution Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Subcortex In Vivo and Postmortem

Published on: December 30, 2015

High-resolution In Vivo Manual Segmentation Protocol for Human Hippocampal Subfields Using 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Published on: November 10, 2015

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex

Published on: September 5, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Anatomy
Medical Imaging

Background:

Current deformable brain atlases lack the resolution for subcortical clinical interventions and neuroimaging.
Precise anatomical definitions are crucial for advanced brain research and surgical planning.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a high-resolution human brain atlas with detailed grey and white matter structures.
To provide a foundational resource for subcortical brain imaging and stereotactic surgery.

Main Methods:

Compilation of data from ex-vivo MRI, histology, fibre dissections, and neuroanatomy textbooks.
Manual segmentation of 95 grey and white matter structures and 82 white matter tracts.
Definition of the atlas at an isotropic resolution of 100 μm for precise deformation to individual anatomy.

Main Results:

A comprehensive human brain atlas with 95 grey/white matter structures and 82 white matter tracts.
High-resolution (100 μm) atlas precisely deformable to individual subject brain anatomy.
Detailed anatomical definitions for basal ganglia, thalamus, subthalamus, midbrain, and cerebellum.

Conclusions:

The developed atlas offers unprecedented anatomical detail for subcortical research.
It serves as a critical resource for stereotactic surgery and neuroimaging.
Enables advancements in next-generation neuromodulation strategies.