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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
Complementary DNA01:44

Complementary DNA

Overview
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...
Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells
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Programmable and Switchable RNA Scaffolds for Synthetic Condensate Engineering in Mammalian Cells.

Zhaolin Xue1, Oyeshik Mukherjee1, Lan Mi1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|February 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed new RNA-based systems to create programmable cellular compartments. These synthetic biomolecular condensates control intracellular organization, offering potential for new biosensing and therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
RNA condensatesallosteric RNA switchgenetically encoded scaffoldsphase separationprogrammable cellular compartmentalization

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Engineering synthetic biomolecular condensates offers control over intracellular organization.
  • Robust and programmable RNA-based systems for condensate formation are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce genetically encoded, modular platforms for RNA-driven condensate generation.
  • To identify nanostar variants that reliably assemble nuclear condensates in mammalian cells.
  • To understand the mechanisms governing cellular condensate formation and improve system orthogonality.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nanostar-derived scaffolds for RNA-driven condensate assembly.
  • Performed systematic comparison of repeat-based and de novo designs.
  • Investigated the role of double-stranded RNA stems and kissing-loop interactions.
  • Refined sequences to enhance homotypic assembly and orthogonality.
  • Incorporated an acyclovir-responsive allosteric switch for reversible control.

Main Results:

  • Identified nanostar variants that reliably assemble nuclear condensates in mammalian cells.
  • Discovered that double-stranded RNA stems, not kissing-loop interactions, primarily govern cellular condensate formation.
  • Demonstrated functional compartmentalization by recruiting protein and RNA clients.
  • Achieved reversible, small-molecule control of condensation using an allosteric switch.

Conclusions:

  • Established a versatile RNA-based toolkit for constructing programmable cellular compartments.
  • Advanced strategies for controlling RNA-protein organization within cells.
  • Opened new avenues for biosensing and therapeutic applications through engineered cellular compartments.