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Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
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Transcription in Prokaryotes

Transcription in Prokaryotes

Transcription is a highly regulated process that converts genetic information into RNA molecules. The transcription cycle is divided into three key stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each driven by specific molecular mechanisms.Initiation of TranscriptionIn bacteria, transcription begins when the RNA polymerase core enzyme associates with a sigma factor to form a holoenzyme. For example, the E. coli sigma factor called σ70 forms a holoenzyme, which recognizes the -10 (Pribnow...

Bacterial Transcription

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

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Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

Published on: September 13, 2018

A toolkit for programmable transcriptional engineering across eukaryotic kingdoms.

Izaiah J Ornelas¹, Lauren A Owens^2,3,4, Simon Alamos^2,3,4

¹Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|February 23, 2026

Summary

Researchers engineered a toolkit of over 300 chromatin regulators (CRs) to control gene expression across eukaryotes. This tool advances synthetic biology and reveals universal repressors like RCOR1 and MTA2.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Synthetic Biology
Genetics

Background:

Chromatin regulators (CRs) are crucial for eukaryotic life, modulating chromatin states.
The functions of most predicted CRs remain experimentally uncharacterized.
A need exists for tools to precisely control gene expression in eukaryotes.

Purpose of the Study:

To construct and test a library of over 300 full-length chromatin regulators (CRs) for their ability to modulate gene transcription.
To identify CRs with cross-kingdom functionality and assess their performance against existing tools.
To develop novel CRISPR-based tools for programmable gene regulation.

Main Methods:

Creation of a library of 300+ human, plant, yeast, protozoa, and viral CRs fused to DNA-binding domains.
Testing CRs for transcriptional repression and activation in plant and human cells.
Utilizing pooled CRISPR screens to identify repressors for titrating gene expression.

Main Results:

Discovery of CRs exhibiting cross-kingdom functionality, outperforming existing tools for transcriptional control in plants and human cells.
Development of CRISPR repressors capable of titrating gene expression to intermediate levels.
Identification of RCOR1 and MTA2 as universal eukaryotic repressors active across plants, yeast, and human cells.

Conclusions:

The developed CR toolkit significantly advances synthetic eukaryotic engineering.
The study expands the understanding of chromatin regulator functionality across diverse eukaryotic species.
RCOR1 and MTA2 represent conserved, potent repressors with broad eukaryotic applicability.