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Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation

Published on: May 31, 2016

Alamandine/MrgD Pathway Modulates Gut-Bone Marrow Axis in Aging.

Kishore Chittimalli¹, Henryata E Rozario¹, Victor Martinez¹

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|February 23, 2026

Summary

Alamandine (Ala) reverses aging-related leaky gut by restoring colon epithelial barrier integrity and modulating the gut-bone marrow axis. This novel renin-angiotensin system member improves microbiome balance and reduces inflammation.

Keywords:

Aging Alamandine Inflammation Intestinal stem cells Leaky gut Macrophages MrgD Organoids Wnt3a

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Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Published on: April 14, 2016

Area of Science:

Aging research
Gastroenterology
Immunology

Background:

Aging is linked to compromised colon epithelial barrier integrity and increased bone marrow (BM) myelopoiesis.
Alamandine (Ala) and MrgD are novel components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).
The gut-bone marrow (BM) axis plays a crucial role in aging-related physiological changes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if Alamandine (Ala) can restore colon epithelial barrier integrity in aging mice.
To determine if Ala modulates the gut-BM axis to achieve these effects.
To explore Ala's impact on the gut microbiome and immune cell populations.

Main Methods:

Aging mice (22-24 months) and young mice (2-3 months) were treated with saline or Ala.
Intestinal permeability was assessed using FITC-dextran.
Colon epithelial stem cells (ISCs), Wnt3a, β-catenin, fecal microbiome, and monocyte-macrophages were analyzed.

Main Results:

Ala treatment reversed increased intestinal permeability in aged mice.
Ala increased Wnt3a, phospho-CREB, and active β-catenin levels in aged colon organoids.
Ala improved microbiome diversity, altered the bacterial composition, and modulated immune cell profiles in aged mice.

Conclusions:

Alamandine (Ala) effectively reverses the 'leaky gut' phenotype associated with aging.
Ala restores gut barrier function by modulating the gut-BM axis and improving microbiome homeostasis.
Ala shows promise as a therapeutic agent for age-related gastrointestinal and immune dysfunctions.