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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
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Commonality and Variability in Functional Networks in Children Under 5 Years Old.

Jiaxin Cindy Tu1,2, Chenyan Lu1, Trevor K M Day3,4,5

  • 1Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, USA.

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|February 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individualized brain networks, including language areas, emerge in toddlers before age five. This early functional brain architecture is stable and linked to cognitive development, offering insights into typical development.

Keywords:
Functional brain networksdevelopmental neuroimagingearly childhoodindividualized network mappinglateralizationresting-state fMRIverbal development

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Human cognition relies on functional brain networks, but their early developmental trajectory and individual differences are not well understood.
  • Traditional methods averaging data across participants can mask crucial age-specific organization and individual variability, especially in developing brain regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an age-appropriate functional reference for estimating individualized brain networks in young children from resting-state fMRI data.
  • To investigate the emergence and stability of individualized functional brain network architecture in early childhood.
  • To explore the relationship between early brain network organization and cognitive abilities.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel age-appropriate functional reference to capture common structure across toddlers while preserving individual variability.
  • Utilized resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from cohorts of 8-60-month-old children.
  • Analyzed network topography, longitudinal stability, within-network connectivity, and language lateralization in relation to verbal ability.

Main Results:

  • Individualized functional brain networks, including finer subdivisions and emerging language lateralization, were identified in children as young as 8 months old, well before age five.
  • Network organization demonstrated longitudinal stability, with greater consistency observed in sensory regions compared to association cortices.
  • Stronger within-network connectivity, when defined by individualized topography, explained age-related variance and linked left-lateralized language networks to age-normalized verbal ability.

Conclusions:

  • Behaviorally relevant functional brain networks emerge much earlier in development than previously recognized.
  • Individualized network analysis provides a more sensitive approach to studying early brain development and its link to cognition.
  • These findings establish a foundation for investigating typical early neurodevelopment and identifying potential early biomarkers.