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Bile is a crucial bodily fluid, characterized by its yellow-green color and alkaline nature. Produced in the liver, it is transported through the common hepatic duct into either the cystic duct, leading to the gallbladder, or directly into the common bile duct. The flow of bile is regulated by the sphincter of Oddi located at the entrance of the duodenum. When this sphincter is closed, bile is redirected to the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport
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Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport

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Pleiotropic immunoregulation by bile acids in pathophysiology.

Bo-Shen Lin1, Min-Yue Yin1, Si-An Xie1

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Early Gastrointestinal Cancer Medicine and Medical Devices, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|February 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Bile acids (BAs) are key signaling molecules impacting host metabolism, gut microbiota, and immunity. This review explores how BAs regulate immune cells and influence diseases, highlighting therapeutic strategies targeting BA pathways.

Keywords:
autoimmune diseasesbile acidscancergut microbiotaimmunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolism
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Bile acids (BAs) have expanded roles beyond digestion to act as crucial signaling molecules.
  • BAs integrate host metabolism, gut microbiota, and immune system functions.
  • Dysregulated BA signaling is implicated in various diseases, including inflammatory, autoimmune, metabolic, and malignant conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of bile acids in regulating innate and adaptive immunity.
  • To examine the mechanisms by which bile acids modulate immune cell activity through specific receptors.
  • To discuss the implications of bile acid signaling in different tissues and disease contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on bile acid signaling and immune function.
  • Analysis of the roles of specific receptors (FXR, TGR5, VDR, RORs) in mediating BA effects on immune cells.
  • Examination of tissue-specific BA signaling and its impact on immune homeostasis.

Main Results:

  • Bile acids modulate the activity of key immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, NK cells, and NKT cells.
  • Specific receptors like FXR, TGR5, VDR, and RORs mediate diverse immune-regulatory functions of BAs.
  • Tissue-specific BA signaling influences immune homeostasis in the gut, liver, CNS, and tumor microenvironment.

Conclusions:

  • Bile acids are critical regulators of immune homeostasis and play a significant role in health and disease.
  • Targeting bile acid pathways offers promising therapeutic strategies for immune-related disorders.
  • Further research into bile acid-immune crosstalk can advance precision immunotherapy and microbiome-based interventions.