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Evaluating Artificial Intelligence-Generated Responses to Patient Questions Regarding Orthobiologic Injections.

Benjamin W King1, Jesse Seilern Und Aspang1, Kyle Hammond1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

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|February 23, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial intelligence (AI) large language models (LLMs) provide generally accurate orthobiologic information but are written above a patient-appropriate reading level. Gemini showed better accuracy than ChatGPT, but all models require physician oversight for patient education.

Keywords:
artificial intelligenceconcentrated bone marrow aspirateorthobiologicsplatelet-rich plasma

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedics
  • Biotechnology
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Patient interest in orthobiologic injections is increasing.
  • Patients increasingly use AI large language models (LLMs) for health information.
  • The accuracy and readability of AI-generated orthobiologic information for patients are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the accuracy and readability of responses from 3 popular AI LLMs (ChatGPT, Gemini, Grok) to common patient questions about orthobiologic injections.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study evaluating 20 common patient questions across ChatGPT 4o, Gemini 2.5 Flash, and Grok 3.
  • Four independent reviewers assessed response accuracy using the ChatGPT Response Rating System (CRRS) and AI Response Metric (AIRM).
  • Readability was measured using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL).

Main Results:

  • Response accuracy was generally acceptable, but 25-50% required clarification.
  • Gemini demonstrated superior accuracy compared to ChatGPT (CRRS, P=.04; AIRM, P=.03).
  • All AI models generated responses at a collegiate reading level or higher, exceeding recommended patient education levels.

Conclusions:

  • AI LLMs provide generally accurate orthobiologic information but lack patient-appropriate readability.
  • Gemini showed improved accuracy over ChatGPT, yet all models exhibited clarity limitations.
  • AI responses should supplement, not replace, physician-led patient education.