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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

38
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
38
Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

2.6K
Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
2.6K
Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients01:15

Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients

190
Bioavailability studies are essential for evaluating a drug's therapeutic efficacy and understanding its absorption patterns under various physiological conditions. Conducting such studies on target patient populations provides more relevant data by simulating real-world disease states. However, practical challenges often necessitate the use of young, healthy adult volunteers as study subjects.Patients may exhibit altered drug absorption patterns due to the effects of the disease itself,...
190
Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies01:11

Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies

283
Bioavailability studies are essential for understanding how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. These studies assess the extent and rate at which the active pharmaceutical agent becomes available at the site of action. The design of bioavailability studies can involve single-dose or multiple-dose regimens, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Single-dose studies are the preferred approach due to their simplicity and reduced drug exposure for...
283
Dosage Regimens: Designs and Approaches01:28

Dosage Regimens: Designs and Approaches

386
Designing a dosage regimen, which refers to the manner of drug administration, is a complex process involving the selection of drug dose, route, and frequency. This process is underpinned by pharmacokinetic parameters derived from tests and population averages. These parameters are then tailored to patient-specific variables such as diagnosis, demographics, and allergy status. Once therapy commences, therapeutic response monitoring is critical and achieved through clinical and physical...
386
Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications01:09

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

177
The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition
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Multivitamins in Adult Medical Practice: Evidence, Risks, and Pragmatic Prescribing.

Pedro M Neves1, Sofia Almeida1, Vital Domingues2

  • 1Internal Medicine, Unidade Local de Saúde de Santo António, Porto, PRT.

Cureus
|February 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Multivitamins offer benefits for specific deficiencies and high-risk groups, but not for general prevention in well-nourished adults. Routine use provides limited gain and potential harms, necessitating targeted supplementation and patient education.

Keywords:
alcohol use disorderall-cause mortalitybariatric surgerycancer incidence and mortalitycardiovascular eventsinternal medicinemultivitamin-mineral supplements

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Last Updated: Feb 24, 2026

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition
04:53

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Published on: September 20, 2019

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Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Nutritional Science
  • Preventive Medicine

Background:

  • Multivitamin-mineral supplement use is widespread, often outside of formal medical guidance.
  • The evidence supporting broad preventive health benefits of multivitamins remains inconclusive.
  • Internal medicine physicians require guidance on appropriate multivitamin use, considering benefits and risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize evidence on validated indications, clinical benefits, and harms of multivitamin-mineral supplements.
  • To provide a pragmatic prescribing approach for internists regarding multivitamin use.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of multivitamins for hard outcomes like mortality, cardiovascular events, and cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of guidelines, randomized trials, and meta-analyses from 2000-August 2025.
  • Focused on high-level evidence concerning all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, cancer, and cognition.
  • Prioritized conditions relevant to Internal Medicine, including malabsorption, bariatric surgery, and aging.

Main Results:

  • Multivitamins are justified for documented deficiencies and high-risk states (e.g., malabsorption, post-bariatric surgery, alcohol use disorder, pregnancy, frailty).
  • In generally nourished adults, multivitamins do not reduce cardiovascular events or mortality; cancer prevention benefits are marginal.
  • Potential risks include hypervitaminosis, drug-nutrient interactions, masking deficiencies, and displacing healthy eating habits.

Conclusions:

  • Routine multivitamin prescribing offers little clinical gain for generally nourished adults outside of specific deficiency states.
  • Targeted nutrient supplementation, based on screening and testing, is preferred over broad multivitamin use.
  • Internists should guide patients on appropriate supplement use, monitor for safety, and emphasize diet-first strategies.