Addressing multi-generational non-genetic responses in experimental studies of evolution

Area of Science:

• Evolutionary Biology
• Environmental Science
• Genetics

Background:

• Populations facing environmental change may adapt genetically over generations.
• Immediate responses can involve non-genetic mechanisms, which are challenging to detect.
• Distinguishing non-genetic from genetic influences on population change is complex.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the overlooked role of multigenerational non-genetic responses (MUNGER) in evolutionary studies.
• To identify and explain key forms of MUNGER that can confound genetic interpretations.
• To propose methods for analyzing MUNGER to improve understanding of evolutionary adaptation.

Main Methods:

• Conceptual framework development.
• Review of experimental contexts (e.g., experimental evolution, common gardens, ecotoxicology).
• Analysis of dynamic properties and interactions of MUNGER and genetic changes.

Main Results:

• Three forms of MUNGER (delayed stress impact, transgenerational plasticity, priming) can mimic genetic adaptation.
• These non-genetic responses can significantly impact phenotypic change across generations.
• Failure to account for MUNGER can lead to incorrect inferences about genetic evolution.

Conclusions:

• MUNGER plays a significant, yet often underestimated, role in population responses to environmental change.
• Accurate assessment of evolutionary dynamics requires distinguishing and quantifying MUNGER.
• Further research on MUNGER dynamics will enhance our understanding of adaptation in changing environments.