Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...

Overview of Exosomes

Overview of Exosomes

Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Cerebral salt wasting syndrome in an elderly patient with traumatic brain injury: a case report.

Frontiers in medicine·2026

Same author

Acute intraventricular hemorrhage triggered by coughing following return from high altitude: a case report and literature review.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2026

Same author

Methods for skin load reduction of Candida auris: a systematic review.

Antimicrobial resistance and infection control·2026

Same author

Quinoa and Colonic Health: A Review of Bioactive Components and Mechanistic Insights.

Current issues in molecular biology·2025

Same author

Clinical evaluation of an in-house Xpert Lysate-based Method combined with MALDI-TOF MS for the rapid identification of positive blood cultures.

BMC microbiology·2025

Same author

Characterization of carbapenem-resistant <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> in bloodstream infections: antibiotic resistance, virulence, and treatment strategies.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions

Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions

Published on: August 26, 2021

Advances in Staphylococcus aureus extracellular vesicles: navigating challenges, embracing prospects.

Chunyan Fu¹, Zeqi Li¹, Yanwen Sun¹

¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), HangZhou, 310000, China.

Letters in Applied Microbiology

|February 23, 2026

Summary

Staphylococcus aureus extracellular vesicles (S. aureus EVs) worsen infections and antibiotic resistance. Natural compounds and bioengineering offer new treatment and therapeutic strategies, but further research is needed.

Keywords:

Staphylococcus aureus application extracellular vesicle immunoregulation purification

More Related Videos

Scalable Isolation and Purification of Extracellular Vesicles from Escherichia coli and Other Bacteria

Scalable Isolation and Purification of Extracellular Vesicles from Escherichia coli and Other Bacteria

Published on: October 13, 2021

Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Fluids

Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Fluids

Published on: February 28, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions

Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions

Published on: August 26, 2021

Scalable Isolation and Purification of Extracellular Vesicles from Escherichia coli and Other Bacteria

Scalable Isolation and Purification of Extracellular Vesicles from Escherichia coli and Other Bacteria

Published on: October 13, 2021

Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Fluids

Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Fluids

Published on: February 28, 2025

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Drug Resistance

Background:

Staphylococcus aureus is a major global pathogen with increasing antibiotic resistance.
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs), specifically S. aureus EVs, are increasingly recognized as key contributors to S. aureus pathogenicity.
Understanding S. aureus EVs is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current research on S. aureus EVs, focusing on their roles in virulence and antibiotic resistance.
To explore natural compounds and bioengineering strategies targeting S. aureus EVs.
To discuss the potential applications and future research directions for S. aureus EVs.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature review of studies on S. aureus EVs.
Analysis of S. aureus EV involvement in infection pathogenesis and resistance mechanisms.
Evaluation of natural compounds and bioengineering approaches impacting S. aureus EVs.

Main Results:

S. aureus EVs promote virulence and contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Certain natural compounds can disrupt S. aureus EVs, offering therapeutic potential.
Bioengineering of S. aureus EVs shows promise for vaccine development and drug delivery.

Conclusions:

S. aureus EVs are significant virulence factors that exacerbate infections and resistance.
Targeting S. aureus EVs with natural compounds or bioengineering presents novel therapeutic avenues.
Further research is essential to clarify existing findings and guide future investigations into S. aureus EVs.