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Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Intravital Imaging of Fluorescent Protein Expression in Mice with a Closed-Skull Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Window Using a Two-Photon Microscope

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Light Filtering Lenses and Visual Photosensitivity in Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury.

Mariela C Aguilar¹, Heather Durkee¹, Alex Gonzalez¹

¹Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science

|February 23, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) experience greater visual photosensitivity. Light filtering lenses, such as FL-41 and gray-filtering, improve light tolerance for both TBI patients and controls.

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Published on: November 29, 2024

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Ophthalmology
Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to various visual dysfunctions.
Visual photosensitivity, an increased sensitivity to light, is a common yet often overlooked symptom following TBI.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate visual photosensitivity in individuals with TBI compared to non-TBI controls.
To assess the efficacy of different light filtering lenses using the Ocular Photosensitivity Analyzer (OPA).

Main Methods:

A cohort study involving 92 participants (46 TBI, 46 controls) was conducted.
Visual photosensitivity thresholds (VPTs) were measured under four conditions: no lens, plano lenses, FL-41 lenses, and gray-filtering lenses.
Measurements were repeated across two visits to ensure reliability.

Main Results:

Participants with TBI exhibited significantly lower VPTs, indicating greater photosensitivity, across all lens conditions compared to controls.
Both TBI and control groups demonstrated improved light tolerance (higher VPTs) with FL-41 and gray-filtering lenses compared to no lens or plano lenses.
The results showed high repeatability between the two assessment visits (ICC > 0.80).

Conclusions:

Visual photosensitivity is a significant sequela of TBI.
FL-41 and gray-filtering lenses show promise as effective interventions to manage light sensitivity in individuals with TBI.
These findings suggest light filtering lenses may be a valuable tool in TBI rehabilitation.