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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
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Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Distinct immunological features characterize early-onset primary Sjögren's disease.

Anqi Gao1,2,3, Saixin Jiang1,2,3, Ruihe Wu1,2,3

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England)
|February 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Early-onset primary Sjögren

Keywords:
CD4+ T cell subsetsearly-onsetimmune featuresprimary Sjögren’s disease

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Primary Sjögren's Disease (pSjD) has distinct phenotypes.
  • Early-onset pSjD is associated with a poorer prognosis.
  • Understanding immunophenotypic differences is crucial for targeted treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the immunophenotypes of early- and late-onset pSjD.
  • To identify distinct immunological features differentiating early-onset pSjD.
  • To define a potential 'immune endotype' for early-onset pSjD.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 204 newly diagnosed, untreated pSjD patients.
  • Patients categorized by age at diagnosis (≤35 years for early-onset).
  • Analysis of clinical features, peripheral lymphocyte profiles, CD4+ T cell subsets, cytokine levels, and statistical modeling (random forest, LASSO, logistic regression).

Main Results:

  • Early-onset pSjD patients (n=43) showed significantly lower CD4+ T cell and NK cell counts compared to late-onset patients (n=161).
  • The early-onset group had higher Th17/Treg cell ratios and lower Treg cell counts.
  • Independent predictors for early-onset pSjD included NK cell counts, CD4+ T cell percentage, and Th17/Treg cell ratios.

Conclusions:

  • Early-onset pSjD exhibits a distinct peripheral immunological profile.
  • An 'immunological triad' (NK cells, CD4+ T cells, Th17/Treg ratio) may define an 'immune endotype' for early-onset pSjD.
  • These findings offer insights for targeted monitoring and therapies in early-onset pSjD.