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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
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Updated: Feb 25, 2026

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Semi-Independent Control of Stability and Mobility in DNA Condensates.

Naoki Yoshida1, Kei Goraku2, Ryohei Furuichi2

  • 1Department of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama, Japan.

Chembiochem : a European Journal of Chemical Biology
|February 23, 2026
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Summary

Researchers developed DNA droplets with tunable thermal stability and liquid-like dynamics. Modifying DNA nanostructure sticky ends allows control over properties, crucial for artificial cells and molecular robots.

Keywords:
DNA condensatesDNA dropletsDNA nanotechnologybottom‐up synthetic biologyliquid–liquid phase separation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomolecular engineering
  • DNA nanotechnology
  • Soft matter physics

Background:

  • Liquid-like biomolecular condensates are vital for cellular functions and artificial cell design.
  • Enhancing thermal stability often compromises the essential liquid-like dynamics of these condensates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for independently controlling the thermal stability and dynamic properties of DNA droplets.
  • To investigate the relationship between DNA nanostructure design and condensate behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Designed six-branched DNA nanostructures (S-motifs) with variable-length sticky ends (SEs).
  • Systematically altered the length of SEs to modulate droplet phase-separation temperature (Tp) and melting temperature (Tm).
  • Analyzed droplet fusion dynamics and internal mobility in relation to SE length and thermal properties.

Main Results:

  • Extending variable SE length increased droplet thermal stability (Tp).
  • Droplets maintained liquid-like dynamics and mobility when Tm was below Tp (4-12 nt SEs).
  • Liquid-like dynamics were inhibited when Tm exceeded Tp (16-20 nt SEs) due to stable polymerization.

Conclusions:

  • Partial modification of SE binding strength allows tuning of thermal stability without sacrificing liquid fluidity.
  • This provides a design principle for creating functional DNA-based artificial cells and molecular robots with controllable properties.