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Related Concept Videos

Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

2.7K
A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
2.7K
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

2.8K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
2.8K
Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry01:07

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

5.3K
This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...
5.3K
Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

2.3K
Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
2.3K
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals01:17

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals

3.6K
Ideally, an unpaired electron shows a single peak in the EPR spectrum due to the transition between the two spin energy states. However, coupling interactions can occur between the spins of the unpaired electron and any neighboring spin-active nuclei. This hyperfine coupling results in hyperfine splitting, where the EPR signal is split into multiplets. The signals split into 2nI + 1 peaks, where n is the number of equivalent nuclei and I is the nuclear spin. These splitting patterns provide...
3.6K
Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Mechanism01:17

Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Mechanism

4.9K
The reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkenes in the presence of hydroperoxides or peroxides proceeds via anti-Markovnikov addition. The radical chain reaction comprises initiation, propagation, and termination steps.
The mechanism starts with chain initiation, which involves two steps. In the first chain initiation step, a weak peroxide bond is homolytically cleaved upon mild heating to form two alkoxy radicals. In the second initiation step, a hydrogen atom is abstracted by the alkoxy...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

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Introduction to modeling radical pair quantum spin dynamics with tensor networks.

Kentaro Hino1, Damyan S Frantzov2, Yuki Kurashige1,3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|February 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new simulation method to study radical pair spin dynamics, overcoming computational limits. This breakthrough enables detailed analysis of spin-correlated intermediates in chemistry and biology, including avian magnetoreception.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

9.8K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Quantum Biology

Background:

  • Radical pairs are crucial spin-correlated intermediates in various scientific fields.
  • Modeling their complex spin dynamics, especially with many interacting spins, has been computationally prohibitive.
  • Understanding these dynamics is key to fields like quantum biology and technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome the computational barriers in simulating radical pair spin dynamics.
  • To enable quantum mechanical treatments of systems with tens of coupled nuclear spins.
  • To investigate the influence of nuclear spins and magnetic fields on reaction outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel open-system quantum dynamics simulation framework.
  • Explicitly modeling coupled electron-nuclear spin dynamics.
  • Validation of the method up to 60 interacting spins.

Main Results:

  • Successfully simulated radical-pair dynamics at unprecedented nuclear-spin scales.
  • Demonstrated that electron-transfer pathways and magnetic anisotropy significantly alter spin evolution.
  • Revealed a direct link between nuclear environment, magnetic geometry, and spin-selective reaction yields.

Conclusions:

  • The new simulation framework removes a major computational obstacle in spin chemistry and quantum biology.
  • Provides a powerful tool for studying magnetic-field effects in biological systems, such as avian magnetoreception.
  • Enables advancements in spin-based quantum technologies.