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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Risk Factors for Shoulder Stiffness After Rotator Cuff Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Hongwei Zhan1, Zhuo Yang1, Peidong Liu1

  • 1Department of Sports Medicine, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.

The American Journal of Sports Medicine
|February 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Shoulder stiffness after rotator cuff repair (RCR) affects 12.9% of patients. Key risk factors include older age, diabetes, fatty infiltration, and subacromial decompression, guiding preventive strategies.

Keywords:
complicationsrisk factorrotator cuff repairrotator cuff tearsshoulder stiffness

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Rehabilitation

Background:

  • Shoulder stiffness is a major complication following rotator cuff repair (RCR).
  • Early identification of risk factors is crucial for improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
  • Predictive strategies are needed to mitigate stiffness post-RCR.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of shoulder stiffness after RCR.
  • To identify significant risk factors associated with postoperative shoulder stiffness.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of 20 studies involving 34,565 patients.
  • Literature search across major databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library).
  • Meta-analysis for factors in ≥2 studies; qualitative synthesis otherwise; sensitivity analyses for heterogeneity and bias.

Main Results:

  • Pooled incidence of shoulder stiffness post-RCR was 12.9%, varying by diagnostic criteria and follow-up duration.
  • Significant risk factors identified: diabetes mellitus (OR 1.51), fatty infiltration (OR 1.58), subacromial decompression (OR 3.26), and older age (MD 1.33).
  • No significant association found for sex, BMI, symptom duration, dyslipidemia, hypothyroidism, tear size, or surgical approach.

Conclusions:

  • The incidence of shoulder stiffness post-RCR is 12.9%, influenced by diagnostic methods and follow-up length.
  • Older age, diabetes, fatty infiltration, and subacromial decompression are key risk factors for stiffness.
  • Clinicians should focus on these risk factors to implement targeted preventive measures for stiffness after RCR.