Surface plasmon resonance biosensors: Advancements, applications, and future directions in molecular detection

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensors have emerged as one of the most potent and adaptable methods for detecting molecular interactions in real-time and without labeling. SPR enables the accurate monitoring of biomolecular interactions in various contexts by detecting changes in refractive index near the sensor's surface. Over the last few decades, SPR technology has advanced dramatically, with improvements in sensor sensitivity, resolution, and throughput. This study provides a comprehensive overview of SPR biosensors, highlighting recent advances in sensor technology, materials, and detection methodologies. We cover the fundamentals of SPR sensing and the factors that influence sensor performance, including metal selection, surface functionalization, and immobilization techniques. The report also looks at the wide range of applications for SPR biosensors, including drug development and illness diagnostics, as well as environmental monitoring and food safety. The promise of SPR technology is further investigated by studying new advancements such as the incorporation of nanomaterials, microfluidics, and multi-analyte detection systems. We also explore the SPR biosensor's future directions, including existing limits and potential applications in customized medicine, point-of-care diagnostics, and quick environmental monitoring. This review seeks to give a comprehensive overview of SPR biosensors, highlighting their potential to revolutionize molecular detection in a variety of disciplines, as well as outlining the obstacles and possibilities that lie ahead for their future development.