Metabolic Inflammation as a Common Thread in Cardio-Endocrine Diseases: Toward a Unified Therapeutic Framework

Area of Science:

• Cardiovascular and Endocrine Medicine
• Immunology
• Metabolic Diseases

Background:

• Metabolic inflammation (metaflammation) is a key mechanism connecting cardiovascular and endocrine disorders.
• Visceral adipose tissue inflammation, inflammasome activation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are shared pathogenic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review mechanistic, clinical, and therapeutic evidence on inflammation's role in cardio-endocrine diseases.
• To explore a unified therapeutic framework for these interconnected conditions.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2010-2024).
• Analysis of 115 selected articles focusing on adipose tissue inflammation, gut microbiota, innate immunity, mitochondrial function, biomarkers, and therapies.

Main Results:

• Shared inflammatory nodes identified in cardiovascular and endocrine diseases.
• Biomarkers (IL-6, CRP, GlycA, exosomes) offer diagnostic and prognostic value.
• Therapeutic convergence seen with SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and IL-1β-targeted treatments; lifestyle interventions also show dual benefits.

Conclusions:

• Unified therapeutic strategies for cardio-endocrine diseases are emerging, leveraging anti-inflammatory approaches.
• Further research needed for biomarker integration, diverse populations, and advanced models (OoC, iPSC organoids).
• Precision medicine and integrated care models are crucial for reducing the global burden of cardio-endocrine disease.