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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.
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Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
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ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

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The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Direct Imaging of ER Calcium with Targeted-Esterase Induced Dye Loading TED
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Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Calcium Drives Salivary Bioenergetics.

S N Min1,2, X D Mao3, J Z Su1

  • 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, P.R. China.

Journal of Dental Research
|February 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria in salivary glands adapt to energy demands, with ER-mitochondria calcium transfer crucial for salivary secretion. This study reveals key mechanisms of mitochondrial functional adaptation in intact secretory systems.

Keywords:
NADHenergy metabolismmitochondria associated membranesmuscarinic acetylcholine receptorsecretionsubmandibular gland

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology
  • Bioenergetics

Background:

  • Saliva secretion necessitates continuous energy supply, but the mechanisms of mitochondrial adaptation to fluctuating demands are unclear.
  • Mitochondria are vital for cellular energy production and adapt their function and distribution to meet cellular needs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate mitochondrial dynamics and function in submandibular glands during salivary secretion.
  • To elucidate the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria contact sites and calcium transfer in supporting salivary gland bioenergetics.

Main Methods:

  • Real-time intravital imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) were used to monitor mitochondria in submandibular glands.
  • Mitochondrial distribution, motility, NAD(P)H levels, and ATP production were assessed under resting and stimulated conditions.
  • The impact of ATP synthase inhibition and blocked mitochondrial calcium uptake on secretion was evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Distinct mitochondrial distribution patterns were observed in acinar and ductal cells, with acinar cells showing higher oxidative phosphorylation activity.
  • Pilocarpine stimulation significantly increased mitochondrial motility, NAD(P)H levels, and ATP production.
  • ER-mitochondria contact sites increased significantly upon stimulation, and blocking mitochondrial calcium uptake impaired secretion-related bioenergetics.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial functional adaptation, particularly ER-mitochondria calcium transfer, is critical for sustaining the bioenergetic demands of salivary secretion.
  • These findings provide novel insights into the physiological significance of mitochondrial dynamics in intact secretory glands.