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An Inexpensive Adaptation of a Commercial Microwave Reactor for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

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Multistage Phase Programming in Fibrillated Peptide Coacervates.

Xiuli Xu¹, Shi Yang¹, Yage Zhang²

¹State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|February 24, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers engineered peptide synthons that undergo four distinct phase transitions, enabling programmable, stimuli-responsive materials. This breakthrough advances self-adaptive systems for applications like disease biosensors and drug delivery.

Keywords:

fibrillization liquid crystal peptide coacervate phase programming responsive biomaterials

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Supramolecular Chemistry
Materials Engineering

Background:

Natural protein condensates exhibit stimuli-triggered phase transitions for self-adaptation.
Programming synthetic systems for controlled multistage transitions is challenging due to protein sequence complexity and competing assembly pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a synthetic material platform capable of programmable, stimuli-triggered multistage phase transitions.
To create self-adaptive materials with precisely regulated responsiveness for biomedical applications.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of short peptide synthons integrating intrinsically disordered and transiently ordered motifs.
Investigation of thermoreversible phase transitions (monomers, coacervates, liquid crystals, gels).
Mechanistic study of coacervation and fibrillization pathways and their interactions.

Main Results:

Peptide synthons demonstrated quadruple phase transitions, controllable via sequence modification and molecular decoration.
Phase transition temperatures were precisely tuned, enabling sequential activation by pathological cues (e.g., lactic acid) at 37°C.
Identified collaborative and competitive interactions between coacervation and fibrillization pathways governing phase behavior.

Conclusions:

Established a versatile and programmable peptide assembly platform for encoding multistage phase behaviors.
Demonstrated potential for developing next-generation disease biosensors, drug-delivery vehicles, and self-adaptive microrobots.
Advanced the rational design of synthetic self-adaptive materials with tunable stimuli-responsiveness.