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Related Concept Videos

Adherens Junctions01:24

Adherens Junctions

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Strong contact points between adjacent cells anchor them to each other, forming tissues. Such anchoring junctions are of two types –  adherens junctions and desmosomes. Adherens junctions are abundant in tissues such as  epithelium and endothelium, forming a continuous zone of adhesion called the adhesion belt. In other tissues, such as  heart muscle, they appear as clusters, linking the cells to produce coordinated heart muscle contraction.
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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Fimbriae, Pili, and Axial Filaments01:28

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

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Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
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Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Purification of a High Molecular Mass Protein in Streptococcus mutans
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Streptococcus mutans Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Early Streptococcus sanguinis Nanoadhesion.

C Leiva-Sabadini1, C M Lévesque2, L Bozec2

  • 1Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Journal of Dental Research
|February 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Streptococcus mutans bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) have a dual role in dental caries. They enhance Streptococcus sanguinis adhesion in planktonic states but reduce it in biofilms, influencing early oral dysbiosis.

Keywords:
atomic force microscopybacterial adhesionbacterial extracellular vesiclesbiofilm formationcollagen

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Area of Science:

  • Oral microbiology
  • Bacterial communication
  • Biofilm dynamics

Background:

  • Dental caries is a prevalent disease driven by oral biofilm dysbiosis.
  • The interaction between Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis is crucial in early biofilm formation.
  • Bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) mediate microbial communication, but their role in interspecies adhesion is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Streptococcus mutans-derived bEVs influence Streptococcus sanguinis nanoadhesion and initial biofilm formation.
  • To assess the impact of bEVs from planktonic cultures versus biofilms grown on native or glycated collagen.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and characterization of bacterial EVs (bEVs) using nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy.
  • Quantification of bacterial adhesion forces and unbinding events using atomic force microscopy-based single-cell force spectroscopy.
  • Assessment of early biofilm architecture using optical coherence tomography.

Main Results:

  • Planktonic-derived bEVs enhanced S. sanguinis adhesion, while bEVs from collagen-bound S. mutans biofilms reduced adhesion forces.
  • bEVs from glycated collagen matrices showed a more pronounced suppression of S. sanguinis adhesion.
  • Nanoscale adhesion changes translated to altered biofilm architecture: planktonic bEVs promoted denser biofilms, while biofilm-derived bEVs led to sparser colonization.

Conclusions:

  • S. mutans bEVs exhibit context-dependent modulation of S. sanguinis, enhancing adhesion in planktonic conditions and suppressing it in biofilms.
  • This biphasic behavior may be a strategy for niche domination during caries initiation.
  • Collagen glycation significantly influences bEV function, highlighting the role of the host matrix in microbial interactions.