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Related Concept Videos

Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

51.0K
The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
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Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

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Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
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EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview01:16

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview

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Primary amines react with carbonyl compounds—aldehydes and ketones—to generate imines. Imines consist of a C=N double bond and are named Schiff bases after its discoverer—the German chemist Hugo Schiff. On the other hand, secondary amines react with carbonyl compounds to give enamines. In enamines, the presence of a C=C double bond adjacent to the nitrogen atom leads to the delocalization of the lone pair.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril
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Enhanced Urea Electrosynthesis via Nonbonding Interaction between Neighboring In and Cu Single-Atom Sites.

Wei Shi1, Lu Lu1, Peng Zhan2

  • 1Paris Curie Engineer School, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new dual-metal single-atom InCu catalyst efficiently synthesizes urea from carbon dioxide and nitrate. This catalyst shows enhanced selectivity and yield, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional industrial methods.

Keywords:
C−N couplingco-reductionnonbonding interactionssingle-atom pairsurea electrosynthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Electrocatalytic urea synthesis from carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen species offers a sustainable alternative to conventional industrial processes.
  • Current methods suffer from unsatisfactory selectivity and yield rates for urea production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient electrocatalyst for urea synthesis.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of dual-metal single-atom catalysts for improved urea electrosynthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of a dual-metal single-atom InCu catalyst dispersed on carbon black.
  • Electrocatalytic testing in a flow cell for urea generation from CO2 and NO3-.
  • In situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and theoretical simulations to elucidate reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The InCu single-atom catalyst achieved a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 52.5% and a yield rate of 1882.7 μg h-1 mgcat-1 for urea production from CO2 and NO3-.
  • Performance surpassed that of individual In and Cu single-atom catalysts, highlighting synergistic effects.
  • The catalyst also demonstrated activity in coupling CO2 with N2.

Conclusions:

  • The neighboring In and Cu single-atom sites exhibit significant synergism, enhancing urea generation.
  • Theoretical and experimental results indicate that neighboring Cu sites activate single In atoms, facilitating the formation of key intermediates and accelerating C-N coupling.
  • This study presents a strategy for designing multimetal single-atom catalysts and underscores the importance of synergistic effects for efficient urea electrosynthesis.