Extramedullary Multiple Myeloma

Area of Science:

• Hematology
• Oncology
• Pathophysiology

Background:

• Extramedullary disease (EMD) in multiple myeloma (MM) is a critical indicator of disease progression.
• Its complex pathophysiology involves tumor microenvironment dysregulation, chromosomal abnormalities, and aberrant signaling pathways.
• Despite improved diagnosis, challenges in drug resistance and lesion management persist.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review the definition, classification, biological characteristics, and pathophysiological mechanisms of EMD.
• To summarize diagnostic methods and current treatment strategies for EMD.
• To discuss emerging therapeutic challenges and provide a reference for clinical practice and research.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review.
• Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms.
• Evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

• EMD is characterized by complex interactions between pathogenic factors.
• Heterogeneous therapeutic responses are observed across different EMD subtypes.
• Advances in detection have improved diagnosis rates.

Conclusions:

• Understanding EMD's complex pathophysiology is crucial for effective treatment.
• Addressing drug resistance and site-specific lesion management are key challenges.
• Further research is needed to develop targeted therapies for diverse EMD subtypes.