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There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.

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Quasi-intentional torts in healthcare involve acts where intent is not directed to harm an individual but results in harm due to careless or reckless speech.

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Precision Induction and Distinction of Coughing and Sneezing Reflexes in Mice

Precision Induction and Distinction of Coughing and Sneezing Reflexes in Mice

Published on: October 3, 2025

Case 347.

Ramya Gaddikeri¹, Palmi Shah¹

¹Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1620 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60612.

|February 24, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A 69-year-old woman with a smoking history experienced worsening shortness of breath and voice changes. Pulmonary function tests revealed severe obstruction, and laryngoscopy showed mucosal changes, prompting further CT scan review.

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Area of Science:

Pulmonology
Otolaryngology
Radiology

Background:

A 69-year-old woman presented with new-onset dysphonia and progressive shortness of breath.
Her medical history included asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and a 40-pack-year smoking history.
Yearly lung cancer screening with low-dose CT had been performed since 2019.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the cause of new-onset dysphonia and shortness of breath in a patient with significant smoking history and underlying lung disease.
To evaluate the findings from pulmonary function tests and laryngoscopy in conjunction with serial CT scans.

Main Methods:

Clinical examination, including pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and flexible laryngoscopy.
Review of serial low-dose computed tomography (CT) screening studies from 2019, 2023, and 2024.
Assessment of vocal cord movement and laryngeal mucosa during laryngoscopy.

Main Results:

PFTs demonstrated severe obstructive lung disease with air trapping and reduced diffusion capacity.
Laryngoscopy revealed pachydermatous changes in the interarytenoid mucosa, suggestive of reflux or chronic infection.
CT screening studies were reviewed as part of the diagnostic workup for shortness of breath.

Conclusions:

The patient's symptoms were associated with severe obstructive lung disease and laryngeal mucosal changes.
Further investigation, including review of serial CT imaging, was part of the diagnostic process.
The findings highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in evaluating complex respiratory and voice symptoms.