Intrauterine devices, contraception, and mood changes: what to watch for

Endogenous hormone changes can, for some women, contribute to mood fluctuations and the emergence of anxiety throughout the reproductive life cycle, negatively affecting well-being and functioning. Similarly, the use of hormone-based therapies-whether for contraceptive purposes, hormone suppression, or managing menopause-related symptoms-may be associated with psychological adverse effects, including irritability, depressed mood, and anxiety. Clinicians should be prepared to address these issues when discussing different contraceptive methods and when considering the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of various hormone-based treatments.