Metabolic dysregulation: Its role in diabetes mellitus and cancers

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant risk factor for several cancers, particularly cancers of the liver, pancreas, and endometrium. This review aims to understand the connections between diabetic pathophysiology and cancer biology. We synthesize how core metabolic disturbances-hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and inflammation-promote tumorigenesis by dysregulating canonical oncogenic pathways such as IGF-1 signaling, DNA damage repair, and immunometabolism. Subsequently, we focus on how key molecular integrators-such as p38 MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, and the AGEs-RAGE axis-mediate metabolic stress to confer proliferative and invasive advantages to tumor cells. However, a direct translational application of these mechanisms, particularly in the context of repurposing antidiabetic drugs for cancer therapy, remains challenging due to inconsistent clinical outcomes. To address this gap, we suggest that a fundamental shift in approach is required. We propose that future research must move beyond simple pathway categorization and instead utilize spatial analysis techniques to reveal how diabetic metabolites reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME). By integrating single-cell and spatial omics technologies, the field can begin to map the precise cellular niches within tumors where diabetic metabolites exacerbate malignant progression and foster treatment resistance. This perspective is essential for developing targeted strategies to mitigate cancer risk and improve outcomes for the expanding population of patients with DM and cancer.